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Cima Brenta
Cima Brenta is a mountain in the Brenta group (''It.: Dolomiti di Brenta''), a subgroup of the Rhaetian Alps in the Italian Region of Trentino-Alto Adige, with a reported height of ).〔Castiglioni-Buscaini, TCI-CAI Guida dei Monti d'Italia: Dolomiti di Brenta (1977), page 241〕 The mountain rises imposingly up between the rock towers and pinnacles of the central Brenta Group. A sharp ridge connects the mountain on its southern side to the Spallone die Massodi. The northern ridge steeply descends towards Bocca del Tuckett. Towards north west a slender couloir descends all the way from the top towards the ''Vedretta di Brenta Inferiore'', the mountain's 'lower' glacier. Large shouldering formations extend towards the west, culminating in the Cima Mandrone and the Punti di Campiglio, and northwest, culminating in the Cima Massari. Above these formations a glacier, the ''Vedretta di Brenta Superiore'', the 'upper' glacier descends the mountain, being cut off by a vertical precipice over the Vedretta di Brenta Inferiore. On the eastern side the mountain rises up with an imposing 700-meter high vertical rock face with on its left side a distinct orange-like color. Above this lies a horizontal ledge, the ''Cengia Garbari'', on which the Via delle Bocchette Alte proceeds. The actual mountain has two summits that are some 250 meters apart, of which the eastern top reaches the highest altitude. The glaciers, ''vedrette'', have been shrinking steadily over the last decades as a result of climate change.
The historical name Cima Brenta was not always as evident as it is today. The toponymy of these parts was largely established by Nepomuceno Bolognini.〔Nepomuceno Bolognini (1823-1900) from Pinzolo, avid irredentist, colonel of the Garibaldinian forces and founder of the Società degli Alpinisti Tridentini. He set out the toponymy of the Brenta Group in the Annuario della SAT 1875, page 42-47.〕 The mountain, somehow, became a place where nationalistic sentiments were demonstrated. In 1889 the Austro-Hungarian authorities decided to rename the mountain to ''Kaiser Franz Josef-Spitze''.〔With nearby Cima Roma renamed to Marie-Valerie Spitze.〕 The name never caught on -not even in German literature.〔Zeitschrift des DÖAV 1906, page 330.〕 When the occasion occurred to raise a large yellow-black imperial flag on the summit,〔Apart from the alleged culprits to be defined as "Todeschi", history remains unclear. Some have held that the flag was planted by alpinists from Berlin - but that would seem not very probable given the still lingering tensions between Austria and Prussia at the time...〕 fully visible from Val Rendena as well as from Molveno, local guide Giuseppe 'Bepaccia' Zeni and some companions climbed the mountain to take it down. In 1912, on the other hand, the Italian flag was hoisted by irredentists on Cima Brenta, deliberately just before the first snow fall, so that the flag remained visible until the next summer.〔Silvio Girardi: Molveno, Andalo, Fai della Paganella, Manfrini 1973, page 203〕 Around 1953 electricity company SISM, predecessor of ENEL proposed to build a cable car trajectory from Molveno to the top of Cima Brenta.〔Girardi, page 184-185〕 The plans were abandoned and in 1967 the mountain became protected as part of the Parco Naturale Adamello-Brenta.
==Climbing history==
The first men to climb to the summit of Cima Brenta were Douglas Freshfield and Francis Fox Tuckett.〔The Bocca del Brenta was initially the only way to cross the Brenta Group from west to east and vice versa. It was F.F. Tuckett who discovered another pass over the main Brenta chain. This pass bears his name up to this day: ''Bocca del Tuckett''. Also the mountain hut built at some distance of this pass by the Sektion Berlin of the DÖAV got his name and still bears his name since the transfer to the CAI in 1918: Rifugio Tuckett.〕 with Henri Devouassoud〔Brother of François Devouassoud. Douglas Fresfield: Italian Alps, Longman, Green & Co, London 1875, page 264 (reprint SAT 1972, page 258-266)〕 from Chamonix in August 1871. They approached the mountain from the west and ascended mainly over the snow of the ''vedrette''. This itinerary would remain the only way for a number of years, until Albert DeFalkner and E.T.Compton found a new itinerary from the south in 1882.〔Zt. DÖAV 1906, page 331〕 Carlo Garbari〔See the article on Campanile Basso〕 with companions〔Angelo and Arnaldo Ferrari, Benvenuto Lorenzetti and Rudolf Oesterreicher with the guides Andrea Dallagiacomo from Campiglio and Matteo Nicolussi from Molveno. Casttiglioni, page 329, Zt. DÖAV 1906, page 332〕 traced in 1892 a new route over the northern edge towards the ledge on the east side that bears his name today and from there through a series of gullies to the summit. This route, and a variant traced in 1902 by Hanns Barth a.o.〔Alfred Hofbauer and guide Joseph Netzuda. Zt. DÖAV 1906, page 332〕 in 1902, are now considered the ''Via Normale''.〔Castiglioni, page 329〕 In 1910, The Kiene brothers,〔Ernst and Kurt Kiene (III-V, 1200 m.)Castiglioni, page 339〕 made it to the top over the complete northwest ridge from Cima Massari over the jagged pinnacles that are now called ''Torri di Kiene''.
The majestic east face was not attempted until 1930, when Mario Agostini and A. Moser opened the ''Via Agostini-Moser'' (UIAA: IV, 650 m.).〔Castiglioni, page 330〕 This route follows a winding trajectory through the northern part of the East Wall. Matteo Armani and Marcello Friedrichsen realized the ''via Diretta'' in 1936 (V, 500 m.).〔Castiglioni page 331〕 A year later Silvio Agostini died on Cima Brenta in an accident and Armani climbed and baptized ''Torre Caigo'', a pinnacle on the south face of Cima Mandrone, in his honor.〔Silvio Agostini was the first city-born mountain guide in the Brenta Group, who undertook many ascents in the company of his brother Mario or others. His nickname was Caigo. Rifugio Agostini in Val d'Ambiez is named after him. Castiglioni, page 362〕 Other challenging trajectories were climbed by renown〔Climbing on Cima Brenta almost looks like a family affair: apart from the brothers Ferrari, Kiene and Silvio and Mario Agostini already mentioned, there were Alfred and Gaston von Radio-Radiis, Bruno and Catullo Detassis and Heinz Steinkötter and his wife Vitty writing climbing history on this mountain. Castiglioni, page 328-341. Ettore Castiglioni was also very active on this mountain.〕 climbers in the decades following on all parts of the mountain. The first skiing descent down the NW couloir from the top was accomplished by Heini Holzer and Ander Tscholl in 1970.〔Castiglioni, page 341〕 The first epic ascent of the hard north face through the hanging glacier was made by Giovanni Groaz, Lorenzo Groaz and Romano Segalla (august 1974). The imposing orange wall within the east face remained however the last big problem of the Brenta and unchallenged until 1964. By then, even the most repelling rock faces were conquered by means of artificial climbing. It took three men three days, 150 pitons, 18 expansion bolts and 15 other devices to force their way upward to the Garbari ridge (''Via Verona'': VI, A3, Ae, 650 m.)〔Castiglioni, page 331〕 At the time, the 40 hour climb of Franco Baschera, Claudio Boscho and Milo Navasa was considered an enormous achievement.〔See Verona newspaper l'Arena of 07-02-2012: (I signori della cordata magica )〕 But the use of expansion bolts and other artificial means in general became subject of criticism.〔Walter Bonatti was always fiercely opposed to the use of expansion bolts. Reinhold Messner shared Bonatti's approach and stated in the book ''The Murder of the Impossible'' that "Expansion bolts contribute to the decline of alpinism".〕 In the end it took until 2002 for this route to be free-climbed on sight by Rolando Larcher and Franco Cavallero in a mere eleven hours.〔The Alpinist Magazine. ()〕
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